===========================
RS485 Serial Communications
===========================

1. Introduction
===============

   EIA-485, also known as TIA/EIA-485 or RS-485, is a standard defining the
   electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use in balanced
   digital multipoint systems.
   This standard is widely used for communications in industrial automation
   because it can be used effectively over long distances and in electrically
   noisy environments.

2. Hardware-related Considerations
==================================

   Some CPUs/UARTs (e.g., Atmel AT91 or 16C950 UART) contain a built-in
   half-duplex mode capable of automatically controlling line direction by
   toggling RTS or DTR signals. That can be used to control external
   half-duplex hardware like an RS485 transceiver or any RS232-connected
   half-duplex devices like some modems.

   For these microcontrollers, the Linux driver should be made capable of
   working in both modes, and proper ioctls (see later) should be made
   available at user-level to allow switching from one mode to the other, and
   vice versa.

3. Data Structures Already Available in the Kernel
==================================================

   The Linux kernel provides the struct serial_rs485 to handle RS485
   communications. This data structure is used to set and configure RS485
   parameters in the platform data and in ioctls.

   The device tree can also provide RS485 boot time parameters
   [#DT-bindings]_. The serial core fills the struct serial_rs485 from the
   values given by the device tree when the driver calls
   uart_get_rs485_mode().

   Any driver for devices capable of working both as RS232 and RS485 should
   implement the ``rs485_config`` callback and provide ``rs485_supported``
   in the ``struct uart_port``. The serial core calls ``rs485_config`` to do
   the device specific part in response to TIOCSRS485 ioctl (see below). The
   ``rs485_config`` callback receives a pointer to a sanitizated struct
   serial_rs485. The struct serial_rs485 userspace provides is sanitized
   before calling ``rs485_config`` using ``rs485_supported`` that indicates
   what RS485 features the driver supports for the ``struct uart_port``.
   TIOCGRS485 ioctl can be used to read back the struct serial_rs485
   matching to the current configuration.

.. kernel-doc:: include/uapi/linux/serial.h
   :identifiers: serial_rs485 uart_get_rs485_mode

4. Usage from user-level
========================

   From user-level, RS485 configuration can be get/set using the previous
   ioctls. For instance, to set RS485 you can use the following code::

	#include <linux/serial.h>

	/* Include definition for RS485 ioctls: TIOCGRS485 and TIOCSRS485 */
	#include <sys/ioctl.h>

	/* Open your specific device (e.g., /dev/mydevice): */
	int fd = open ("/dev/mydevice", O_RDWR);
	if (fd < 0) {
		/* Error handling. See errno. */
	}

	struct serial_rs485 rs485conf;

	/* Enable RS485 mode: */
	rs485conf.flags |= SER_RS485_ENABLED;

	/* Set logical level for RTS pin equal to 1 when sending: */
	rs485conf.flags |= SER_RS485_RTS_ON_SEND;
	/* or, set logical level for RTS pin equal to 0 when sending: */
	rs485conf.flags &= ~(SER_RS485_RTS_ON_SEND);

	/* Set logical level for RTS pin equal to 1 after sending: */
	rs485conf.flags |= SER_RS485_RTS_AFTER_SEND;
	/* or, set logical level for RTS pin equal to 0 after sending: */
	rs485conf.flags &= ~(SER_RS485_RTS_AFTER_SEND);

	/* Set rts delay before send, if needed: */
	rs485conf.delay_rts_before_send = ...;

	/* Set rts delay after send, if needed: */
	rs485conf.delay_rts_after_send = ...;

	/* Set this flag if you want to receive data even while sending data */
	rs485conf.flags |= SER_RS485_RX_DURING_TX;

	if (ioctl (fd, TIOCSRS485, &rs485conf) < 0) {
		/* Error handling. See errno. */
	}

	/* Use read() and write() syscalls here... */

	/* Close the device when finished: */
	if (close (fd) < 0) {
		/* Error handling. See errno. */
	}

5. Multipoint Addressing
========================

   The Linux kernel provides addressing mode for multipoint RS-485 serial
   communications line. The addressing mode is enabled with
   ``SER_RS485_ADDRB`` flag in struct serial_rs485. The struct serial_rs485
   has two additional flags and fields for enabling receive and destination
   addresses.

   Address mode flags:
	- ``SER_RS485_ADDRB``: Enabled addressing mode (sets also ADDRB in termios).
	- ``SER_RS485_ADDR_RECV``: Receive (filter) address enabled.
	- ``SER_RS485_ADDR_DEST``: Set destination address.

   Address fields (enabled with corresponding ``SER_RS485_ADDR_*`` flag):
	- ``addr_recv``: Receive address.
	- ``addr_dest``: Destination address.

   Once a receive address is set, the communication can occur only with the
   particular device and other peers are filtered out. It is left up to the
   receiver side to enforce the filtering. Receive address will be cleared
   if ``SER_RS485_ADDR_RECV`` is not set.

   Note: not all devices supporting RS485 support multipoint addressing.

6. References
=============

.. [#DT-bindings]	Documentation/devicetree/bindings/serial/rs485.yaml
