.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
.. include:: <isonum.txt>

=====================================================
User Interface for Resource Control feature (resctrl)
=====================================================

:Copyright: |copy| 2016 Intel Corporation
:Authors: - Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
          - Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
          - Vikas Shivappa <vikas.shivappa@intel.com>


Intel refers to this feature as Intel Resource Director Technology(Intel(R) RDT).
AMD refers to this feature as AMD Platform Quality of Service(AMD QoS).

This feature is enabled by the CONFIG_X86_CPU_RESCTRL and the x86 /proc/cpuinfo
flag bits:

=============================================================== ================================
RDT (Resource Director Technology) Allocation			"rdt_a"
CAT (Cache Allocation Technology)				"cat_l3", "cat_l2"
CDP (Code and Data Prioritization)				"cdp_l3", "cdp_l2"
CQM (Cache QoS Monitoring)					"cqm_llc", "cqm_occup_llc"
MBM (Memory Bandwidth Monitoring)				"cqm_mbm_total", "cqm_mbm_local"
MBA (Memory Bandwidth Allocation)				"mba"
SMBA (Slow Memory Bandwidth Allocation)				""
BMEC (Bandwidth Monitoring Event Configuration)			""
ABMC (Assignable Bandwidth Monitoring Counters)			""
SDCIAE (Smart Data Cache Injection Allocation Enforcement)	""
=============================================================== ================================

Historically, new features were made visible by default in /proc/cpuinfo. This
resulted in the feature flags becoming hard to parse by humans. Adding a new
flag to /proc/cpuinfo should be avoided if user space can obtain information
about the feature from resctrl's info directory.

To use the feature mount the file system::

 # mount -t resctrl resctrl [-o cdp[,cdpl2][,mba_MBps][,debug]] /sys/fs/resctrl

mount options are:

"cdp":
	Enable code/data prioritization in L3 cache allocations.
"cdpl2":
	Enable code/data prioritization in L2 cache allocations.
"mba_MBps":
	Enable the MBA Software Controller(mba_sc) to specify MBA
	bandwidth in MiBps
"debug":
	Make debug files accessible. Available debug files are annotated with
	"Available only with debug option".

L2 and L3 CDP are controlled separately.

RDT features are orthogonal. A particular system may support only
monitoring, only control, or both monitoring and control.  Cache
pseudo-locking is a unique way of using cache control to "pin" or
"lock" data in the cache. Details can be found in
"Cache Pseudo-Locking".


The mount succeeds if either of allocation or monitoring is present, but
only those files and directories supported by the system will be created.
For more details on the behavior of the interface during monitoring
and allocation, see the "Resource alloc and monitor groups" section.

Info directory
==============

The 'info' directory contains information about the enabled
resources. Each resource has its own subdirectory. The subdirectory
names reflect the resource names.

Most of the files in the resource's subdirectory are read-only, and
describe properties of the resource. Resources that support global
configuration options also include writable files that can be used
to modify those settings.

Each subdirectory contains the following files with respect to
allocation:

Cache resource(L3/L2)  subdirectory contains the following files
related to allocation:

"num_closids":
		The number of CLOSIDs which are valid for this
		resource. The kernel uses the smallest number of
		CLOSIDs of all enabled resources as limit.
"cbm_mask":
		The bitmask which is valid for this resource.
		This mask is equivalent to 100%.
"min_cbm_bits":
		The minimum number of consecutive bits which
		must be set when writing a mask.

"shareable_bits":
		Bitmask of shareable resource with other executing entities
		(e.g. I/O). Applies to all instances of this resource. User
		can use this when setting up exclusive cache partitions.
		Note that some platforms support devices that have their
		own settings for cache use which can over-ride these bits.

		When "io_alloc" is enabled, a portion of each cache instance can
		be configured for shared use between hardware and software.
		"bit_usage" should be used to see which portions of each cache
		instance is configured for hardware use via "io_alloc" feature
		because every cache instance can have its "io_alloc" bitmask
		configured independently via "io_alloc_cbm".

"bit_usage":
		Annotated capacity bitmasks showing how all
		instances of the resource are used. The legend is:

			"0":
			      Corresponding region is unused. When the system's
			      resources have been allocated and a "0" is found
			      in "bit_usage" it is a sign that resources are
			      wasted.

			"H":
			      Corresponding region is used by hardware only
			      but available for software use. If a resource
			      has bits set in "shareable_bits" or "io_alloc_cbm"
			      but not all of these bits appear in the resource
			      groups' schemata then the bits appearing in
			      "shareable_bits" or "io_alloc_cbm" but no
			      resource group will be marked as "H".
			"X":
			      Corresponding region is available for sharing and
			      used by hardware and software. These are the bits
			      that appear in "shareable_bits" or "io_alloc_cbm"
			      as well as a resource group's allocation.
			"S":
			      Corresponding region is used by software
			      and available for sharing.
			"E":
			      Corresponding region is used exclusively by
			      one resource group. No sharing allowed.
			"P":
			      Corresponding region is pseudo-locked. No
			      sharing allowed.
"sparse_masks":
		Indicates if non-contiguous 1s value in CBM is supported.

			"0":
			      Only contiguous 1s value in CBM is supported.
			"1":
			      Non-contiguous 1s value in CBM is supported.

"io_alloc":
		"io_alloc" enables system software to configure the portion of
		the cache allocated for I/O traffic. File may only exist if the
		system supports this feature on some of its cache resources.

			"disabled":
			      Resource supports "io_alloc" but the feature is disabled.
			      Portions of cache used for allocation of I/O traffic cannot
			      be configured.
			"enabled":
			      Portions of cache used for allocation of I/O traffic
			      can be configured using "io_alloc_cbm".
			"not supported":
			      Support not available for this resource.

		The feature can be modified by writing to the interface, for example:

		To enable::

			# echo 1 > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3/io_alloc

		To disable::

			# echo 0 > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3/io_alloc

		The underlying implementation may reduce resources available to
		general (CPU) cache allocation. See architecture specific notes
		below. Depending on usage requirements the feature can be enabled
		or disabled.

		On AMD systems, io_alloc feature is supported by the L3 Smart
		Data Cache Injection Allocation Enforcement (SDCIAE). The CLOSID for
		io_alloc is the highest CLOSID supported by the resource. When
		io_alloc is enabled, the highest CLOSID is dedicated to io_alloc and
		no longer available for general (CPU) cache allocation. When CDP is
		enabled, io_alloc routes I/O traffic using the highest CLOSID allocated
		for the instruction cache (CDP_CODE), making this CLOSID no longer
		available for general (CPU) cache allocation for both the CDP_CODE
		and CDP_DATA resources.

"io_alloc_cbm":
		Capacity bitmasks that describe the portions of cache instances to
		which I/O traffic from supported I/O devices are routed when "io_alloc"
		is enabled.

		CBMs are displayed in the following format:

			<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...

		Example::

			# cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3/io_alloc_cbm
			0=ffff;1=ffff

		CBMs can be configured by writing to the interface.

		Example::

			# echo 1=ff > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3/io_alloc_cbm
			# cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3/io_alloc_cbm
			0=ffff;1=00ff

			# echo "0=ff;1=f" > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3/io_alloc_cbm
			# cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3/io_alloc_cbm
			0=00ff;1=000f

		When CDP is enabled "io_alloc_cbm" associated with the CDP_DATA and CDP_CODE
		resources may reflect the same values. For example, values read from and
		written to /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3DATA/io_alloc_cbm may be reflected by
		/sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3CODE/io_alloc_cbm and vice versa.

Memory bandwidth(MB) subdirectory contains the following files
with respect to allocation:

"min_bandwidth":
		The minimum memory bandwidth percentage which
		user can request.

"bandwidth_gran":
		The granularity in which the memory bandwidth
		percentage is allocated. The allocated
		b/w percentage is rounded off to the next
		control step available on the hardware. The
		available bandwidth control steps are:
		min_bandwidth + N * bandwidth_gran.

"delay_linear":
		Indicates if the delay scale is linear or
		non-linear. This field is purely informational
		only.

"thread_throttle_mode":
		Indicator on Intel systems of how tasks running on threads
		of a physical core are throttled in cases where they
		request different memory bandwidth percentages:

		"max":
			the smallest percentage is applied
			to all threads
		"per-thread":
			bandwidth percentages are directly applied to
			the threads running on the core

If RDT monitoring is available there will be an "L3_MON" directory
with the following files:

"num_rmids":
		The number of RMIDs available. This is the
		upper bound for how many "CTRL_MON" + "MON"
		groups can be created.

"mon_features":
		Lists the monitoring events if
		monitoring is enabled for the resource.
		Example::

			# cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mon_features
			llc_occupancy
			mbm_total_bytes
			mbm_local_bytes

		If the system supports Bandwidth Monitoring Event
		Configuration (BMEC), then the bandwidth events will
		be configurable. The output will be::

			# cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mon_features
			llc_occupancy
			mbm_total_bytes
			mbm_total_bytes_config
			mbm_local_bytes
			mbm_local_bytes_config

"mbm_total_bytes_config", "mbm_local_bytes_config":
	Read/write files containing the configuration for the mbm_total_bytes
	and mbm_local_bytes events, respectively, when the Bandwidth
	Monitoring Event Configuration (BMEC) feature is supported.
	The event configuration settings are domain specific and affect
	all the CPUs in the domain. When either event configuration is
	changed, the bandwidth counters for all RMIDs of both events
	(mbm_total_bytes as well as mbm_local_bytes) are cleared for that
	domain. The next read for every RMID will report "Unavailable"
	and subsequent reads will report the valid value.

	Following are the types of events supported:

	====    ========================================================
	Bits    Description
	====    ========================================================
	6       Dirty Victims from the QOS domain to all types of memory
	5       Reads to slow memory in the non-local NUMA domain
	4       Reads to slow memory in the local NUMA domain
	3       Non-temporal writes to non-local NUMA domain
	2       Non-temporal writes to local NUMA domain
	1       Reads to memory in the non-local NUMA domain
	0       Reads to memory in the local NUMA domain
	====    ========================================================

	By default, the mbm_total_bytes configuration is set to 0x7f to count
	all the event types and the mbm_local_bytes configuration is set to
	0x15 to count all the local memory events.

	Examples:

	* To view the current configuration::
	  ::

	    # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_total_bytes_config
	    0=0x7f;1=0x7f;2=0x7f;3=0x7f

	    # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_local_bytes_config
	    0=0x15;1=0x15;3=0x15;4=0x15

	* To change the mbm_total_bytes to count only reads on domain 0,
	  the bits 0, 1, 4 and 5 needs to be set, which is 110011b in binary
	  (in hexadecimal 0x33):
	  ::

	    # echo  "0=0x33" > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_total_bytes_config

	    # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_total_bytes_config
	    0=0x33;1=0x7f;2=0x7f;3=0x7f

	* To change the mbm_local_bytes to count all the slow memory reads on
	  domain 0 and 1, the bits 4 and 5 needs to be set, which is 110000b
	  in binary (in hexadecimal 0x30):
	  ::

	    # echo  "0=0x30;1=0x30" > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_local_bytes_config

	    # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_local_bytes_config
	    0=0x30;1=0x30;3=0x15;4=0x15

"mbm_assign_mode":
	The supported counter assignment modes. The enclosed brackets indicate which mode
	is enabled. The MBM events associated with counters may reset when "mbm_assign_mode"
	is changed.
	::

	  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_assign_mode
	  [mbm_event]
	  default

	"mbm_event":

	mbm_event mode allows users to assign a hardware counter to an RMID, event
	pair and monitor the bandwidth usage as long as it is assigned. The hardware
	continues to track the assigned counter until it is explicitly unassigned by
	the user. Each event within a resctrl group can be assigned independently.

	In this mode, a monitoring event can only accumulate data while it is backed
	by a hardware counter. Use "mbm_L3_assignments" found in each CTRL_MON and MON
	group to specify which of the events should have a counter assigned. The number
	of counters available is described in the "num_mbm_cntrs" file. Changing the
	mode may cause all counters on the resource to reset.

	Moving to mbm_event counter assignment mode requires users to assign the counters
	to the events. Otherwise, the MBM event counters will return 'Unassigned' when read.

	The mode is beneficial for AMD platforms that support more CTRL_MON
	and MON groups than available hardware counters. By default, this
	feature is enabled on AMD platforms with the ABMC (Assignable Bandwidth
	Monitoring Counters) capability, ensuring counters remain assigned even
	when the corresponding RMID is not actively used by any processor.

	"default":

	In default mode, resctrl assumes there is a hardware counter for each
	event within every CTRL_MON and MON group. On AMD platforms, it is
	recommended to use the mbm_event mode, if supported, to prevent reset of MBM
	events between reads resulting from hardware re-allocating counters. This can
	result in misleading values or display "Unavailable" if no counter is assigned
	to the event.

	* To enable "mbm_event" counter assignment mode:
	  ::

	    # echo "mbm_event" > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_assign_mode

	* To enable "default" monitoring mode:
	  ::

	    # echo "default" > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_assign_mode

"num_mbm_cntrs":
	The maximum number of counters (total of available and assigned counters) in
	each domain when the system supports mbm_event mode.

	For example, on a system with maximum of 32 memory bandwidth monitoring
	counters in each of its L3 domains:
	::

	  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/num_mbm_cntrs
	  0=32;1=32

"available_mbm_cntrs":
	The number of counters available for assignment in each domain when mbm_event
	mode is enabled on the system.

	For example, on a system with 30 available [hardware] assignable counters
	in each of its L3 domains:
	::

	  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/available_mbm_cntrs
	  0=30;1=30

"event_configs":
	Directory that exists when "mbm_event" counter assignment mode is supported.
	Contains a sub-directory for each MBM event that can be assigned to a counter.

	Two MBM events are supported by default: mbm_local_bytes and mbm_total_bytes.
	Each MBM event's sub-directory contains a file named "event_filter" that is
	used to view and modify which memory transactions the MBM event is configured
	with. The file is accessible only when "mbm_event" counter assignment mode is
	enabled.

	List of memory transaction types supported:

	==========================  ========================================================
	Name			    Description
	==========================  ========================================================
	dirty_victim_writes_all     Dirty Victims from the QOS domain to all types of memory
	remote_reads_slow_memory    Reads to slow memory in the non-local NUMA domain
	local_reads_slow_memory     Reads to slow memory in the local NUMA domain
	remote_non_temporal_writes  Non-temporal writes to non-local NUMA domain
	local_non_temporal_writes   Non-temporal writes to local NUMA domain
	remote_reads                Reads to memory in the non-local NUMA domain
	local_reads                 Reads to memory in the local NUMA domain
	==========================  ========================================================

	For example::

	  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/event_configs/mbm_total_bytes/event_filter
	  local_reads,remote_reads,local_non_temporal_writes,remote_non_temporal_writes,
	  local_reads_slow_memory,remote_reads_slow_memory,dirty_victim_writes_all

	  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/event_configs/mbm_local_bytes/event_filter
	  local_reads,local_non_temporal_writes,local_reads_slow_memory

	Modify the event configuration by writing to the "event_filter" file within
	the "event_configs" directory. The read/write "event_filter" file contains the
	configuration of the event that reflects which memory transactions are counted by it.

	For example::

	  # echo "local_reads, local_non_temporal_writes" >
	    /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/event_configs/mbm_total_bytes/event_filter

	  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/event_configs/mbm_total_bytes/event_filter
	   local_reads,local_non_temporal_writes

"mbm_assign_on_mkdir":
	Exists when "mbm_event" counter assignment mode is supported. Accessible
	only when "mbm_event" counter assignment mode is enabled.

	Determines if a counter will automatically be assigned to an RMID, MBM event
	pair when its associated monitor group is created via mkdir. Enabled by default
	on boot, also when switched from "default" mode to "mbm_event" counter assignment
	mode. Users can disable this capability by writing to the interface.

	"0":
		Auto assignment is disabled.
	"1":
		Auto assignment is enabled.

	Example::

	  # echo 0 > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_assign_on_mkdir
	  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_assign_on_mkdir
	  0

"max_threshold_occupancy":
		Read/write file provides the largest value (in
		bytes) at which a previously used LLC_occupancy
		counter can be considered for re-use.

Finally, in the top level of the "info" directory there is a file
named "last_cmd_status". This is reset with every "command" issued
via the file system (making new directories or writing to any of the
control files). If the command was successful, it will read as "ok".
If the command failed, it will provide more information that can be
conveyed in the error returns from file operations. E.g.
::

	# echo L3:0=f7 > schemata
	bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument
	# cat info/last_cmd_status
	mask f7 has non-consecutive 1-bits

Resource alloc and monitor groups
=================================

Resource groups are represented as directories in the resctrl file
system.  The default group is the root directory which, immediately
after mounting, owns all the tasks and cpus in the system and can make
full use of all resources.

On a system with RDT control features additional directories can be
created in the root directory that specify different amounts of each
resource (see "schemata" below). The root and these additional top level
directories are referred to as "CTRL_MON" groups below.

On a system with RDT monitoring the root directory and other top level
directories contain a directory named "mon_groups" in which additional
directories can be created to monitor subsets of tasks in the CTRL_MON
group that is their ancestor. These are called "MON" groups in the rest
of this document.

Removing a directory will move all tasks and cpus owned by the group it
represents to the parent. Removing one of the created CTRL_MON groups
will automatically remove all MON groups below it.

Moving MON group directories to a new parent CTRL_MON group is supported
for the purpose of changing the resource allocations of a MON group
without impacting its monitoring data or assigned tasks. This operation
is not allowed for MON groups which monitor CPUs. No other move
operation is currently allowed other than simply renaming a CTRL_MON or
MON group.

All groups contain the following files:

"tasks":
	Reading this file shows the list of all tasks that belong to
	this group. Writing a task id to the file will add a task to the
	group. Multiple tasks can be added by separating the task ids
	with commas. Tasks will be assigned sequentially. Multiple
	failures are not supported. A single failure encountered while
	attempting to assign a task will cause the operation to abort and
	already added tasks before the failure will remain in the group.
	Failures will be logged to /sys/fs/resctrl/info/last_cmd_status.

	If the group is a CTRL_MON group the task is removed from
	whichever previous CTRL_MON group owned the task and also from
	any MON group that owned the task. If the group is a MON group,
	then the task must already belong to the CTRL_MON parent of this
	group. The task is removed from any previous MON group.


"cpus":
	Reading this file shows a bitmask of the logical CPUs owned by
	this group. Writing a mask to this file will add and remove
	CPUs to/from this group. As with the tasks file a hierarchy is
	maintained where MON groups may only include CPUs owned by the
	parent CTRL_MON group.
	When the resource group is in pseudo-locked mode this file will
	only be readable, reflecting the CPUs associated with the
	pseudo-locked region.


"cpus_list":
	Just like "cpus", only using ranges of CPUs instead of bitmasks.


When control is enabled all CTRL_MON groups will also contain:

"schemata":
	A list of all the resources available to this group.
	Each resource has its own line and format - see below for details.

"size":
	Mirrors the display of the "schemata" file to display the size in
	bytes of each allocation instead of the bits representing the
	allocation.

"mode":
	The "mode" of the resource group dictates the sharing of its
	allocations. A "shareable" resource group allows sharing of its
	allocations while an "exclusive" resource group does not. A
	cache pseudo-locked region is created by first writing
	"pseudo-locksetup" to the "mode" file before writing the cache
	pseudo-locked region's schemata to the resource group's "schemata"
	file. On successful pseudo-locked region creation the mode will
	automatically change to "pseudo-locked".

"ctrl_hw_id":
	Available only with debug option. The identifier used by hardware
	for the control group. On x86 this is the CLOSID.

When monitoring is enabled all MON groups will also contain:

"mon_data":
	This contains a set of files organized by L3 domain and by
	RDT event. E.g. on a system with two L3 domains there will
	be subdirectories "mon_L3_00" and "mon_L3_01".	Each of these
	directories have one file per event (e.g. "llc_occupancy",
	"mbm_total_bytes", and "mbm_local_bytes"). In a MON group these
	files provide a read out of the current value of the event for
	all tasks in the group. In CTRL_MON groups these files provide
	the sum for all tasks in the CTRL_MON group and all tasks in
	MON groups. Please see example section for more details on usage.
	On systems with Sub-NUMA Cluster (SNC) enabled there are extra
	directories for each node (located within the "mon_L3_XX" directory
	for the L3 cache they occupy). These are named "mon_sub_L3_YY"
	where "YY" is the node number.

	When the 'mbm_event' counter assignment mode is enabled, reading
	an MBM event of a MON group returns 'Unassigned' if no hardware
	counter is assigned to it. For CTRL_MON groups, 'Unassigned' is
	returned if the MBM event does not have an assigned counter in the
	CTRL_MON group nor in any of its associated MON groups.

"mon_hw_id":
	Available only with debug option. The identifier used by hardware
	for the monitor group. On x86 this is the RMID.

When monitoring is enabled all MON groups may also contain:

"mbm_L3_assignments":
	Exists when "mbm_event" counter assignment mode is supported and lists the
	counter assignment states of the group.

	The assignment list is displayed in the following format:

	<Event>:<Domain ID>=<Assignment state>;<Domain ID>=<Assignment state>

	Event: A valid MBM event in the
	       /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/event_configs directory.

	Domain ID: A valid domain ID. When writing, '*' applies the changes
		   to all the domains.

	Assignment states:

	_ : No counter assigned.

	e : Counter assigned exclusively.

	Example:

	To display the counter assignment states for the default group.
	::

	 # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
	 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
	   mbm_total_bytes:0=e;1=e
	   mbm_local_bytes:0=e;1=e

	Assignments can be modified by writing to the interface.

	Examples:

	To unassign the counter associated with the mbm_total_bytes event on domain 0:
	::

	 # echo "mbm_total_bytes:0=_" > /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
	 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
	   mbm_total_bytes:0=_;1=e
	   mbm_local_bytes:0=e;1=e

	To unassign the counter associated with the mbm_total_bytes event on all the domains:
	::

	 # echo "mbm_total_bytes:*=_" > /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
	 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
	   mbm_total_bytes:0=_;1=_
	   mbm_local_bytes:0=e;1=e

	To assign a counter associated with the mbm_total_bytes event on all domains in
	exclusive mode:
	::

	 # echo "mbm_total_bytes:*=e" > /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
	 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
	   mbm_total_bytes:0=e;1=e
	   mbm_local_bytes:0=e;1=e

When the "mba_MBps" mount option is used all CTRL_MON groups will also contain:

"mba_MBps_event":
	Reading this file shows which memory bandwidth event is used
	as input to the software feedback loop that keeps memory bandwidth
	below the value specified in the schemata file. Writing the
	name of one of the supported memory bandwidth events found in
	/sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mon_features changes the input
	event.

Resource allocation rules
-------------------------

When a task is running the following rules define which resources are
available to it:

1) If the task is a member of a non-default group, then the schemata
   for that group is used.

2) Else if the task belongs to the default group, but is running on a
   CPU that is assigned to some specific group, then the schemata for the
   CPU's group is used.

3) Otherwise the schemata for the default group is used.

Resource monitoring rules
-------------------------
1) If a task is a member of a MON group, or non-default CTRL_MON group
   then RDT events for the task will be reported in that group.

2) If a task is a member of the default CTRL_MON group, but is running
   on a CPU that is assigned to some specific group, then the RDT events
   for the task will be reported in that group.

3) Otherwise RDT events for the task will be reported in the root level
   "mon_data" group.


Notes on cache occupancy monitoring and control
===============================================
When moving a task from one group to another you should remember that
this only affects *new* cache allocations by the task. E.g. you may have
a task in a monitor group showing 3 MB of cache occupancy. If you move
to a new group and immediately check the occupancy of the old and new
groups you will likely see that the old group is still showing 3 MB and
the new group zero. When the task accesses locations still in cache from
before the move, the h/w does not update any counters. On a busy system
you will likely see the occupancy in the old group go down as cache lines
are evicted and re-used while the occupancy in the new group rises as
the task accesses memory and loads into the cache are counted based on
membership in the new group.

The same applies to cache allocation control. Moving a task to a group
with a smaller cache partition will not evict any cache lines. The
process may continue to use them from the old partition.

Hardware uses CLOSid(Class of service ID) and an RMID(Resource monitoring ID)
to identify a control group and a monitoring group respectively. Each of
the resource groups are mapped to these IDs based on the kind of group. The
number of CLOSid and RMID are limited by the hardware and hence the creation of
a "CTRL_MON" directory may fail if we run out of either CLOSID or RMID
and creation of "MON" group may fail if we run out of RMIDs.

max_threshold_occupancy - generic concepts
------------------------------------------

Note that an RMID once freed may not be immediately available for use as
the RMID is still tagged the cache lines of the previous user of RMID.
Hence such RMIDs are placed on limbo list and checked back if the cache
occupancy has gone down. If there is a time when system has a lot of
limbo RMIDs but which are not ready to be used, user may see an -EBUSY
during mkdir.

max_threshold_occupancy is a user configurable value to determine the
occupancy at which an RMID can be freed.

The mon_llc_occupancy_limbo tracepoint gives the precise occupancy in bytes
for a subset of RMID that are not immediately available for allocation.
This can't be relied on to produce output every second, it may be necessary
to attempt to create an empty monitor group to force an update. Output may
only be produced if creation of a control or monitor group fails.

Schemata files - general concepts
---------------------------------
Each line in the file describes one resource. The line starts with
the name of the resource, followed by specific values to be applied
in each of the instances of that resource on the system.

Cache IDs
---------
On current generation systems there is one L3 cache per socket and L2
caches are generally just shared by the hyperthreads on a core, but this
isn't an architectural requirement. We could have multiple separate L3
caches on a socket, multiple cores could share an L2 cache. So instead
of using "socket" or "core" to define the set of logical cpus sharing
a resource we use a "Cache ID". At a given cache level this will be a
unique number across the whole system (but it isn't guaranteed to be a
contiguous sequence, there may be gaps).  To find the ID for each logical
CPU look in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cache/index*/id

Cache Bit Masks (CBM)
---------------------
For cache resources we describe the portion of the cache that is available
for allocation using a bitmask. The maximum value of the mask is defined
by each cpu model (and may be different for different cache levels). It
is found using CPUID, but is also provided in the "info" directory of
the resctrl file system in "info/{resource}/cbm_mask". Some Intel hardware
requires that these masks have all the '1' bits in a contiguous block. So
0x3, 0x6 and 0xC are legal 4-bit masks with two bits set, but 0x5, 0x9
and 0xA are not. Check /sys/fs/resctrl/info/{resource}/sparse_masks
if non-contiguous 1s value is supported. On a system with a 20-bit mask
each bit represents 5% of the capacity of the cache. You could partition
the cache into four equal parts with masks: 0x1f, 0x3e0, 0x7c00, 0xf8000.

Notes on Sub-NUMA Cluster mode
==============================
When SNC mode is enabled, Linux may load balance tasks between Sub-NUMA
nodes much more readily than between regular NUMA nodes since the CPUs
on Sub-NUMA nodes share the same L3 cache and the system may report
the NUMA distance between Sub-NUMA nodes with a lower value than used
for regular NUMA nodes.

The top-level monitoring files in each "mon_L3_XX" directory provide
the sum of data across all SNC nodes sharing an L3 cache instance.
Users who bind tasks to the CPUs of a specific Sub-NUMA node can read
the "llc_occupancy", "mbm_total_bytes", and "mbm_local_bytes" in the
"mon_sub_L3_YY" directories to get node local data.

Memory bandwidth allocation is still performed at the L3 cache
level. I.e. throttling controls are applied to all SNC nodes.

L3 cache allocation bitmaps also apply to all SNC nodes. But note that
the amount of L3 cache represented by each bit is divided by the number
of SNC nodes per L3 cache. E.g. with a 100MB cache on a system with 10-bit
allocation masks each bit normally represents 10MB. With SNC mode enabled
with two SNC nodes per L3 cache, each bit only represents 5MB.

Memory bandwidth Allocation and monitoring
==========================================

For Memory bandwidth resource, by default the user controls the resource
by indicating the percentage of total memory bandwidth.

The minimum bandwidth percentage value for each cpu model is predefined
and can be looked up through "info/MB/min_bandwidth". The bandwidth
granularity that is allocated is also dependent on the cpu model and can
be looked up at "info/MB/bandwidth_gran". The available bandwidth
control steps are: min_bw + N * bw_gran. Intermediate values are rounded
to the next control step available on the hardware.

The bandwidth throttling is a core specific mechanism on some of Intel
SKUs. Using a high bandwidth and a low bandwidth setting on two threads
sharing a core may result in both threads being throttled to use the
low bandwidth (see "thread_throttle_mode").

The fact that Memory bandwidth allocation(MBA) may be a core
specific mechanism where as memory bandwidth monitoring(MBM) is done at
the package level may lead to confusion when users try to apply control
via the MBA and then monitor the bandwidth to see if the controls are
effective. Below are such scenarios:

1. User may *not* see increase in actual bandwidth when percentage
   values are increased:

This can occur when aggregate L2 external bandwidth is more than L3
external bandwidth. Consider an SKL SKU with 24 cores on a package and
where L2 external  is 10GBps (hence aggregate L2 external bandwidth is
240GBps) and L3 external bandwidth is 100GBps. Now a workload with '20
threads, having 50% bandwidth, each consuming 5GBps' consumes the max L3
bandwidth of 100GBps although the percentage value specified is only 50%
<< 100%. Hence increasing the bandwidth percentage will not yield any
more bandwidth. This is because although the L2 external bandwidth still
has capacity, the L3 external bandwidth is fully used. Also note that
this would be dependent on number of cores the benchmark is run on.

2. Same bandwidth percentage may mean different actual bandwidth
   depending on # of threads:

For the same SKU in #1, a 'single thread, with 10% bandwidth' and '4
thread, with 10% bandwidth' can consume up to 10GBps and 40GBps although
they have same percentage bandwidth of 10%. This is simply because as
threads start using more cores in an rdtgroup, the actual bandwidth may
increase or vary although user specified bandwidth percentage is same.

In order to mitigate this and make the interface more user friendly,
resctrl added support for specifying the bandwidth in MiBps as well.  The
kernel underneath would use a software feedback mechanism or a "Software
Controller(mba_sc)" which reads the actual bandwidth using MBM counters
and adjust the memory bandwidth percentages to ensure::

	"actual bandwidth < user specified bandwidth".

By default, the schemata would take the bandwidth percentage values
where as user can switch to the "MBA software controller" mode using
a mount option 'mba_MBps'. The schemata format is specified in the below
sections.

L3 schemata file details (code and data prioritization disabled)
----------------------------------------------------------------
With CDP disabled the L3 schemata format is::

	L3:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...

L3 schemata file details (CDP enabled via mount option to resctrl)
------------------------------------------------------------------
When CDP is enabled L3 control is split into two separate resources
so you can specify independent masks for code and data like this::

	L3DATA:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...
	L3CODE:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...

L2 schemata file details
------------------------
CDP is supported at L2 using the 'cdpl2' mount option. The schemata
format is either::

	L2:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...

or

	L2DATA:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...
	L2CODE:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...


Memory bandwidth Allocation (default mode)
------------------------------------------

Memory b/w domain is L3 cache.
::

	MB:<cache_id0>=bandwidth0;<cache_id1>=bandwidth1;...

Memory bandwidth Allocation specified in MiBps
----------------------------------------------

Memory bandwidth domain is L3 cache.
::

	MB:<cache_id0>=bw_MiBps0;<cache_id1>=bw_MiBps1;...

Slow Memory Bandwidth Allocation (SMBA)
---------------------------------------
AMD hardware supports Slow Memory Bandwidth Allocation (SMBA).
CXL.memory is the only supported "slow" memory device. With the
support of SMBA, the hardware enables bandwidth allocation on
the slow memory devices. If there are multiple such devices in
the system, the throttling logic groups all the slow sources
together and applies the limit on them as a whole.

The presence of SMBA (with CXL.memory) is independent of slow memory
devices presence. If there are no such devices on the system, then
configuring SMBA will have no impact on the performance of the system.

The bandwidth domain for slow memory is L3 cache. Its schemata file
is formatted as:
::

	SMBA:<cache_id0>=bandwidth0;<cache_id1>=bandwidth1;...

Reading/writing the schemata file
---------------------------------
Reading the schemata file will show the state of all resources
on all domains. When writing you only need to specify those values
which you wish to change.  E.g.
::

  # cat schemata
  L3DATA:0=fffff;1=fffff;2=fffff;3=fffff
  L3CODE:0=fffff;1=fffff;2=fffff;3=fffff
  # echo "L3DATA:2=3c0;" > schemata
  # cat schemata
  L3DATA:0=fffff;1=fffff;2=3c0;3=fffff
  L3CODE:0=fffff;1=fffff;2=fffff;3=fffff

Reading/writing the schemata file (on AMD systems)
--------------------------------------------------
Reading the schemata file will show the current bandwidth limit on all
domains. The allocated resources are in multiples of one eighth GB/s.
When writing to the file, you need to specify what cache id you wish to
configure the bandwidth limit.

For example, to allocate 2GB/s limit on the first cache id:

::

  # cat schemata
    MB:0=2048;1=2048;2=2048;3=2048
    L3:0=ffff;1=ffff;2=ffff;3=ffff

  # echo "MB:1=16" > schemata
  # cat schemata
    MB:0=2048;1=  16;2=2048;3=2048
    L3:0=ffff;1=ffff;2=ffff;3=ffff

Reading/writing the schemata file (on AMD systems) with SMBA feature
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Reading and writing the schemata file is the same as without SMBA in
above section.

For example, to allocate 8GB/s limit on the first cache id:

::

  # cat schemata
    SMBA:0=2048;1=2048;2=2048;3=2048
      MB:0=2048;1=2048;2=2048;3=2048
      L3:0=ffff;1=ffff;2=ffff;3=ffff

  # echo "SMBA:1=64" > schemata
  # cat schemata
    SMBA:0=2048;1=  64;2=2048;3=2048
      MB:0=2048;1=2048;2=2048;3=2048
      L3:0=ffff;1=ffff;2=ffff;3=ffff

Cache Pseudo-Locking
====================
CAT enables a user to specify the amount of cache space that an
application can fill. Cache pseudo-locking builds on the fact that a
CPU can still read and write data pre-allocated outside its current
allocated area on a cache hit. With cache pseudo-locking, data can be
preloaded into a reserved portion of cache that no application can
fill, and from that point on will only serve cache hits. The cache
pseudo-locked memory is made accessible to user space where an
application can map it into its virtual address space and thus have
a region of memory with reduced average read latency.

The creation of a cache pseudo-locked region is triggered by a request
from the user to do so that is accompanied by a schemata of the region
to be pseudo-locked. The cache pseudo-locked region is created as follows:

- Create a CAT allocation CLOSNEW with a CBM matching the schemata
  from the user of the cache region that will contain the pseudo-locked
  memory. This region must not overlap with any current CAT allocation/CLOS
  on the system and no future overlap with this cache region is allowed
  while the pseudo-locked region exists.
- Create a contiguous region of memory of the same size as the cache
  region.
- Flush the cache, disable hardware prefetchers, disable preemption.
- Make CLOSNEW the active CLOS and touch the allocated memory to load
  it into the cache.
- Set the previous CLOS as active.
- At this point the closid CLOSNEW can be released - the cache
  pseudo-locked region is protected as long as its CBM does not appear in
  any CAT allocation. Even though the cache pseudo-locked region will from
  this point on not appear in any CBM of any CLOS an application running with
  any CLOS will be able to access the memory in the pseudo-locked region since
  the region continues to serve cache hits.
- The contiguous region of memory loaded into the cache is exposed to
  user-space as a character device.

Cache pseudo-locking increases the probability that data will remain
in the cache via carefully configuring the CAT feature and controlling
application behavior. There is no guarantee that data is placed in
cache. Instructions like INVD, WBINVD, CLFLUSH, etc. can still evict
“locked” data from cache. Power management C-states may shrink or
power off cache. Deeper C-states will automatically be restricted on
pseudo-locked region creation.

It is required that an application using a pseudo-locked region runs
with affinity to the cores (or a subset of the cores) associated
with the cache on which the pseudo-locked region resides. A sanity check
within the code will not allow an application to map pseudo-locked memory
unless it runs with affinity to cores associated with the cache on which the
pseudo-locked region resides. The sanity check is only done during the
initial mmap() handling, there is no enforcement afterwards and the
application self needs to ensure it remains affine to the correct cores.

Pseudo-locking is accomplished in two stages:

1) During the first stage the system administrator allocates a portion
   of cache that should be dedicated to pseudo-locking. At this time an
   equivalent portion of memory is allocated, loaded into allocated
   cache portion, and exposed as a character device.
2) During the second stage a user-space application maps (mmap()) the
   pseudo-locked memory into its address space.

Cache Pseudo-Locking Interface
------------------------------
A pseudo-locked region is created using the resctrl interface as follows:

1) Create a new resource group by creating a new directory in /sys/fs/resctrl.
2) Change the new resource group's mode to "pseudo-locksetup" by writing
   "pseudo-locksetup" to the "mode" file.
3) Write the schemata of the pseudo-locked region to the "schemata" file. All
   bits within the schemata should be "unused" according to the "bit_usage"
   file.

On successful pseudo-locked region creation the "mode" file will contain
"pseudo-locked" and a new character device with the same name as the resource
group will exist in /dev/pseudo_lock. This character device can be mmap()'ed
by user space in order to obtain access to the pseudo-locked memory region.

An example of cache pseudo-locked region creation and usage can be found below.

Cache Pseudo-Locking Debugging Interface
----------------------------------------
The pseudo-locking debugging interface is enabled by default (if
CONFIG_DEBUG_FS is enabled) and can be found in /sys/kernel/debug/resctrl.

There is no explicit way for the kernel to test if a provided memory
location is present in the cache. The pseudo-locking debugging interface uses
the tracing infrastructure to provide two ways to measure cache residency of
the pseudo-locked region:

1) Memory access latency using the pseudo_lock_mem_latency tracepoint. Data
   from these measurements are best visualized using a hist trigger (see
   example below). In this test the pseudo-locked region is traversed at
   a stride of 32 bytes while hardware prefetchers and preemption
   are disabled. This also provides a substitute visualization of cache
   hits and misses.
2) Cache hit and miss measurements using model specific precision counters if
   available. Depending on the levels of cache on the system the pseudo_lock_l2
   and pseudo_lock_l3 tracepoints are available.

When a pseudo-locked region is created a new debugfs directory is created for
it in debugfs as /sys/kernel/debug/resctrl/<newdir>. A single
write-only file, pseudo_lock_measure, is present in this directory. The
measurement of the pseudo-locked region depends on the number written to this
debugfs file:

1:
     writing "1" to the pseudo_lock_measure file will trigger the latency
     measurement captured in the pseudo_lock_mem_latency tracepoint. See
     example below.
2:
     writing "2" to the pseudo_lock_measure file will trigger the L2 cache
     residency (cache hits and misses) measurement captured in the
     pseudo_lock_l2 tracepoint. See example below.
3:
     writing "3" to the pseudo_lock_measure file will trigger the L3 cache
     residency (cache hits and misses) measurement captured in the
     pseudo_lock_l3 tracepoint.

All measurements are recorded with the tracing infrastructure. This requires
the relevant tracepoints to be enabled before the measurement is triggered.

Example of latency debugging interface
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In this example a pseudo-locked region named "newlock" was created. Here is
how we can measure the latency in cycles of reading from this region and
visualize this data with a histogram that is available if CONFIG_HIST_TRIGGERS
is set::

  # :> /sys/kernel/tracing/trace
  # echo 'hist:keys=latency' > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_mem_latency/trigger
  # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_mem_latency/enable
  # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/resctrl/newlock/pseudo_lock_measure
  # echo 0 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_mem_latency/enable
  # cat /sys/kernel/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_mem_latency/hist

  # event histogram
  #
  # trigger info: hist:keys=latency:vals=hitcount:sort=hitcount:size=2048 [active]
  #

  { latency:        456 } hitcount:          1
  { latency:         50 } hitcount:         83
  { latency:         36 } hitcount:         96
  { latency:         44 } hitcount:        174
  { latency:         48 } hitcount:        195
  { latency:         46 } hitcount:        262
  { latency:         42 } hitcount:        693
  { latency:         40 } hitcount:       3204
  { latency:         38 } hitcount:       3484

  Totals:
      Hits: 8192
      Entries: 9
    Dropped: 0

Example of cache hits/misses debugging
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In this example a pseudo-locked region named "newlock" was created on the L2
cache of a platform. Here is how we can obtain details of the cache hits
and misses using the platform's precision counters.
::

  # :> /sys/kernel/tracing/trace
  # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_l2/enable
  # echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/resctrl/newlock/pseudo_lock_measure
  # echo 0 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_l2/enable
  # cat /sys/kernel/tracing/trace

  # tracer: nop
  #
  #                              _-----=> irqs-off
  #                             / _----=> need-resched
  #                            | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
  #                            || / _--=> preempt-depth
  #                            ||| /     delay
  #           TASK-PID   CPU#  ||||    TIMESTAMP  FUNCTION
  #              | |       |   ||||       |         |
  pseudo_lock_mea-1672  [002] ....  3132.860500: pseudo_lock_l2: hits=4097 miss=0


Examples for RDT allocation usage
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

1) Example 1

On a two socket machine (one L3 cache per socket) with just four bits
for cache bit masks, minimum b/w of 10% with a memory bandwidth
granularity of 10%.
::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
  # mkdir p0 p1
  # echo "L3:0=3;1=c\nMB:0=50;1=50" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p0/schemata
  # echo "L3:0=3;1=3\nMB:0=50;1=50" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/schemata

The default resource group is unmodified, so we have access to all parts
of all caches (its schemata file reads "L3:0=f;1=f").

Tasks that are under the control of group "p0" may only allocate from the
"lower" 50% on cache ID 0, and the "upper" 50% of cache ID 1.
Tasks in group "p1" use the "lower" 50% of cache on both sockets.

Similarly, tasks that are under the control of group "p0" may use a
maximum memory b/w of 50% on socket0 and 50% on socket 1.
Tasks in group "p1" may also use 50% memory b/w on both sockets.
Note that unlike cache masks, memory b/w cannot specify whether these
allocations can overlap or not. The allocations specifies the maximum
b/w that the group may be able to use and the system admin can configure
the b/w accordingly.

If resctrl is using the software controller (mba_sc) then user can enter the
max b/w in MB rather than the percentage values.
::

  # echo "L3:0=3;1=c\nMB:0=1024;1=500" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p0/schemata
  # echo "L3:0=3;1=3\nMB:0=1024;1=500" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/schemata

In the above example the tasks in "p1" and "p0" on socket 0 would use a max b/w
of 1024MB where as on socket 1 they would use 500MB.

2) Example 2

Again two sockets, but this time with a more realistic 20-bit mask.

Two real time tasks pid=1234 running on processor 0 and pid=5678 running on
processor 1 on socket 0 on a 2-socket and dual core machine. To avoid noisy
neighbors, each of the two real-time tasks exclusively occupies one quarter
of L3 cache on socket 0.
::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl

First we reset the schemata for the default group so that the "upper"
50% of the L3 cache on socket 0 and 50% of memory b/w cannot be used by
ordinary tasks::

  # echo "L3:0=3ff;1=fffff\nMB:0=50;1=100" > schemata

Next we make a resource group for our first real time task and give
it access to the "top" 25% of the cache on socket 0.
::

  # mkdir p0
  # echo "L3:0=f8000;1=fffff" > p0/schemata

Finally we move our first real time task into this resource group. We
also use taskset(1) to ensure the task always runs on a dedicated CPU
on socket 0. Most uses of resource groups will also constrain which
processors tasks run on.
::

  # echo 1234 > p0/tasks
  # taskset -cp 1 1234

Ditto for the second real time task (with the remaining 25% of cache)::

  # mkdir p1
  # echo "L3:0=7c00;1=fffff" > p1/schemata
  # echo 5678 > p1/tasks
  # taskset -cp 2 5678

For the same 2 socket system with memory b/w resource and CAT L3 the
schemata would look like(Assume min_bandwidth 10 and bandwidth_gran is
10):

For our first real time task this would request 20% memory b/w on socket 0.
::

  # echo -e "L3:0=f8000;1=fffff\nMB:0=20;1=100" > p0/schemata

For our second real time task this would request an other 20% memory b/w
on socket 0.
::

  # echo -e "L3:0=f8000;1=fffff\nMB:0=20;1=100" > p0/schemata

3) Example 3

A single socket system which has real-time tasks running on core 4-7 and
non real-time workload assigned to core 0-3. The real-time tasks share text
and data, so a per task association is not required and due to interaction
with the kernel it's desired that the kernel on these cores shares L3 with
the tasks.
::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl

First we reset the schemata for the default group so that the "upper"
50% of the L3 cache on socket 0, and 50% of memory bandwidth on socket 0
cannot be used by ordinary tasks::

  # echo "L3:0=3ff\nMB:0=50" > schemata

Next we make a resource group for our real time cores and give it access
to the "top" 50% of the cache on socket 0 and 50% of memory bandwidth on
socket 0.
::

  # mkdir p0
  # echo "L3:0=ffc00\nMB:0=50" > p0/schemata

Finally we move core 4-7 over to the new group and make sure that the
kernel and the tasks running there get 50% of the cache. They should
also get 50% of memory bandwidth assuming that the cores 4-7 are SMT
siblings and only the real time threads are scheduled on the cores 4-7.
::

  # echo F0 > p0/cpus

4) Example 4

The resource groups in previous examples were all in the default "shareable"
mode allowing sharing of their cache allocations. If one resource group
configures a cache allocation then nothing prevents another resource group
to overlap with that allocation.

In this example a new exclusive resource group will be created on a L2 CAT
system with two L2 cache instances that can be configured with an 8-bit
capacity bitmask. The new exclusive resource group will be configured to use
25% of each cache instance.
::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl/
  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl

First, we observe that the default group is configured to allocate to all L2
cache::

  # cat schemata
  L2:0=ff;1=ff

We could attempt to create the new resource group at this point, but it will
fail because of the overlap with the schemata of the default group::

  # mkdir p0
  # echo 'L2:0=0x3;1=0x3' > p0/schemata
  # cat p0/mode
  shareable
  # echo exclusive > p0/mode
  -sh: echo: write error: Invalid argument
  # cat info/last_cmd_status
  schemata overlaps

To ensure that there is no overlap with another resource group the default
resource group's schemata has to change, making it possible for the new
resource group to become exclusive.
::

  # echo 'L2:0=0xfc;1=0xfc' > schemata
  # echo exclusive > p0/mode
  # grep . p0/*
  p0/cpus:0
  p0/mode:exclusive
  p0/schemata:L2:0=03;1=03
  p0/size:L2:0=262144;1=262144

A new resource group will on creation not overlap with an exclusive resource
group::

  # mkdir p1
  # grep . p1/*
  p1/cpus:0
  p1/mode:shareable
  p1/schemata:L2:0=fc;1=fc
  p1/size:L2:0=786432;1=786432

The bit_usage will reflect how the cache is used::

  # cat info/L2/bit_usage
  0=SSSSSSEE;1=SSSSSSEE

A resource group cannot be forced to overlap with an exclusive resource group::

  # echo 'L2:0=0x1;1=0x1' > p1/schemata
  -sh: echo: write error: Invalid argument
  # cat info/last_cmd_status
  overlaps with exclusive group

Example of Cache Pseudo-Locking
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Lock portion of L2 cache from cache id 1 using CBM 0x3. Pseudo-locked
region is exposed at /dev/pseudo_lock/newlock that can be provided to
application for argument to mmap().
::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl/
  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl

Ensure that there are bits available that can be pseudo-locked, since only
unused bits can be pseudo-locked the bits to be pseudo-locked needs to be
removed from the default resource group's schemata::

  # cat info/L2/bit_usage
  0=SSSSSSSS;1=SSSSSSSS
  # echo 'L2:1=0xfc' > schemata
  # cat info/L2/bit_usage
  0=SSSSSSSS;1=SSSSSS00

Create a new resource group that will be associated with the pseudo-locked
region, indicate that it will be used for a pseudo-locked region, and
configure the requested pseudo-locked region capacity bitmask::

  # mkdir newlock
  # echo pseudo-locksetup > newlock/mode
  # echo 'L2:1=0x3' > newlock/schemata

On success the resource group's mode will change to pseudo-locked, the
bit_usage will reflect the pseudo-locked region, and the character device
exposing the pseudo-locked region will exist::

  # cat newlock/mode
  pseudo-locked
  # cat info/L2/bit_usage
  0=SSSSSSSS;1=SSSSSSPP
  # ls -l /dev/pseudo_lock/newlock
  crw------- 1 root root 243, 0 Apr  3 05:01 /dev/pseudo_lock/newlock

::

  /*
  * Example code to access one page of pseudo-locked cache region
  * from user space.
  */
  #define _GNU_SOURCE
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #include <sched.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <unistd.h>
  #include <sys/mman.h>

  /*
  * It is required that the application runs with affinity to only
  * cores associated with the pseudo-locked region. Here the cpu
  * is hardcoded for convenience of example.
  */
  static int cpuid = 2;

  int main(int argc, char *argv[])
  {
    cpu_set_t cpuset;
    long page_size;
    void *mapping;
    int dev_fd;
    int ret;

    page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);

    CPU_ZERO(&cpuset);
    CPU_SET(cpuid, &cpuset);
    ret = sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(cpuset), &cpuset);
    if (ret < 0) {
      perror("sched_setaffinity");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    dev_fd = open("/dev/pseudo_lock/newlock", O_RDWR);
    if (dev_fd < 0) {
      perror("open");
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    mapping = mmap(0, page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED,
            dev_fd, 0);
    if (mapping == MAP_FAILED) {
      perror("mmap");
      close(dev_fd);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    /* Application interacts with pseudo-locked memory @mapping */

    ret = munmap(mapping, page_size);
    if (ret < 0) {
      perror("munmap");
      close(dev_fd);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    close(dev_fd);
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
  }

Locking between applications
----------------------------

Certain operations on the resctrl filesystem, composed of read/writes
to/from multiple files, must be atomic.

As an example, the allocation of an exclusive reservation of L3 cache
involves:

  1. Read the cbmmasks from each directory or the per-resource "bit_usage"
  2. Find a contiguous set of bits in the global CBM bitmask that is clear
     in any of the directory cbmmasks
  3. Create a new directory
  4. Set the bits found in step 2 to the new directory "schemata" file

If two applications attempt to allocate space concurrently then they can
end up allocating the same bits so the reservations are shared instead of
exclusive.

To coordinate atomic operations on the resctrlfs and to avoid the problem
above, the following locking procedure is recommended:

Locking is based on flock, which is available in libc and also as a shell
script command

Write lock:

 A) Take flock(LOCK_EX) on /sys/fs/resctrl
 B) Read/write the directory structure.
 C) funlock

Read lock:

 A) Take flock(LOCK_SH) on /sys/fs/resctrl
 B) If success read the directory structure.
 C) funlock

Example with bash::

  # Atomically read directory structure
  $ flock -s /sys/fs/resctrl/ find /sys/fs/resctrl

  # Read directory contents and create new subdirectory

  $ cat create-dir.sh
  find /sys/fs/resctrl/ > output.txt
  mask = function-of(output.txt)
  mkdir /sys/fs/resctrl/newres/
  echo mask > /sys/fs/resctrl/newres/schemata

  $ flock /sys/fs/resctrl/ ./create-dir.sh

Example with C::

  /*
  * Example code do take advisory locks
  * before accessing resctrl filesystem
  */
  #include <sys/file.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>

  void resctrl_take_shared_lock(int fd)
  {
    int ret;

    /* take shared lock on resctrl filesystem */
    ret = flock(fd, LOCK_SH);
    if (ret) {
      perror("flock");
      exit(-1);
    }
  }

  void resctrl_take_exclusive_lock(int fd)
  {
    int ret;

    /* release lock on resctrl filesystem */
    ret = flock(fd, LOCK_EX);
    if (ret) {
      perror("flock");
      exit(-1);
    }
  }

  void resctrl_release_lock(int fd)
  {
    int ret;

    /* take shared lock on resctrl filesystem */
    ret = flock(fd, LOCK_UN);
    if (ret) {
      perror("flock");
      exit(-1);
    }
  }

  void main(void)
  {
    int fd, ret;

    fd = open("/sys/fs/resctrl", O_DIRECTORY);
    if (fd == -1) {
      perror("open");
      exit(-1);
    }
    resctrl_take_shared_lock(fd);
    /* code to read directory contents */
    resctrl_release_lock(fd);

    resctrl_take_exclusive_lock(fd);
    /* code to read and write directory contents */
    resctrl_release_lock(fd);
  }

Examples for RDT Monitoring along with allocation usage
=======================================================
Reading monitored data
----------------------
Reading an event file (for ex: mon_data/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy) would
show the current snapshot of LLC occupancy of the corresponding MON
group or CTRL_MON group.


Example 1 (Monitor CTRL_MON group and subset of tasks in CTRL_MON group)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
On a two socket machine (one L3 cache per socket) with just four bits
for cache bit masks::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
  # mkdir p0 p1
  # echo "L3:0=3;1=c" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p0/schemata
  # echo "L3:0=3;1=3" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/schemata
  # echo 5678 > p1/tasks
  # echo 5679 > p1/tasks

The default resource group is unmodified, so we have access to all parts
of all caches (its schemata file reads "L3:0=f;1=f").

Tasks that are under the control of group "p0" may only allocate from the
"lower" 50% on cache ID 0, and the "upper" 50% of cache ID 1.
Tasks in group "p1" use the "lower" 50% of cache on both sockets.

Create monitor groups and assign a subset of tasks to each monitor group.
::

  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/mon_groups
  # mkdir m11 m12
  # echo 5678 > m11/tasks
  # echo 5679 > m12/tasks

fetch data (data shown in bytes)
::

  # cat m11/mon_data/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy
  16234000
  # cat m11/mon_data/mon_L3_01/llc_occupancy
  14789000
  # cat m12/mon_data/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy
  16789000

The parent ctrl_mon group shows the aggregated data.
::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/mon_data/mon_l3_00/llc_occupancy
  31234000

Example 2 (Monitor a task from its creation)
--------------------------------------------
On a two socket machine (one L3 cache per socket)::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
  # mkdir p0 p1

An RMID is allocated to the group once its created and hence the <cmd>
below is monitored from its creation.
::

  # echo $$ > /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/tasks
  # <cmd>

Fetch the data::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/mon_data/mon_l3_00/llc_occupancy
  31789000

Example 3 (Monitor without CAT support or before creating CAT groups)
---------------------------------------------------------------------

Assume a system like HSW has only CQM and no CAT support. In this case
the resctrl will still mount but cannot create CTRL_MON directories.
But user can create different MON groups within the root group thereby
able to monitor all tasks including kernel threads.

This can also be used to profile jobs cache size footprint before being
able to allocate them to different allocation groups.
::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
  # mkdir mon_groups/m01
  # mkdir mon_groups/m02

  # echo 3478 > /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m01/tasks
  # echo 2467 > /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m02/tasks

Monitor the groups separately and also get per domain data. From the
below its apparent that the tasks are mostly doing work on
domain(socket) 0.
::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m01/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy
  31234000
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m01/mon_L3_01/llc_occupancy
  34555
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m02/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy
  31234000
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m02/mon_L3_01/llc_occupancy
  32789


Example 4 (Monitor real time tasks)
-----------------------------------

A single socket system which has real time tasks running on cores 4-7
and non real time tasks on other cpus. We want to monitor the cache
occupancy of the real time threads on these cores.
::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
  # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
  # mkdir p1

Move the cpus 4-7 over to p1::

  # echo f0 > p1/cpus

View the llc occupancy snapshot::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/mon_data/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy
  11234000


Examples on working with mbm_assign_mode
========================================

a. Check if MBM counter assignment mode is supported.
::

  # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl/

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_assign_mode
  [mbm_event]
  default

The "mbm_event" mode is detected and enabled.

b. Check how many assignable counters are supported.
::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/num_mbm_cntrs
  0=32;1=32

c. Check how many assignable counters are available for assignment in each domain.
::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/available_mbm_cntrs
  0=30;1=30

d. To list the default group's assign states.
::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
  mbm_total_bytes:0=e;1=e
  mbm_local_bytes:0=e;1=e

e.  To unassign the counter associated with the mbm_total_bytes event on domain 0.
::

  # echo "mbm_total_bytes:0=_" > /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
  mbm_total_bytes:0=_;1=e
  mbm_local_bytes:0=e;1=e

f. To unassign the counter associated with the mbm_total_bytes event on all domains.
::

  # echo "mbm_total_bytes:*=_" > /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignment
  mbm_total_bytes:0=_;1=_
  mbm_local_bytes:0=e;1=e

g. To assign a counter associated with the mbm_total_bytes event on all domains in
exclusive mode.
::

  # echo "mbm_total_bytes:*=e" > /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mbm_L3_assignments
  mbm_total_bytes:0=e;1=e
  mbm_local_bytes:0=e;1=e

h. Read the events mbm_total_bytes and mbm_local_bytes of the default group. There is
no change in reading the events with the assignment.
::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_data/mon_L3_00/mbm_total_bytes
  779247936
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_data/mon_L3_01/mbm_total_bytes
  562324232
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_data/mon_L3_00/mbm_local_bytes
  212122123
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_data/mon_L3_01/mbm_local_bytes
  121212144

i. Check the event configurations.
::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/event_configs/mbm_total_bytes/event_filter
  local_reads,remote_reads,local_non_temporal_writes,remote_non_temporal_writes,
  local_reads_slow_memory,remote_reads_slow_memory,dirty_victim_writes_all

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/event_configs/mbm_local_bytes/event_filter
  local_reads,local_non_temporal_writes,local_reads_slow_memory

j. Change the event configuration for mbm_local_bytes.
::

  # echo "local_reads, local_non_temporal_writes, local_reads_slow_memory, remote_reads" >
  /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/event_configs/mbm_local_bytes/event_filter

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/event_configs/mbm_local_bytes/event_filter
  local_reads,local_non_temporal_writes,local_reads_slow_memory,remote_reads

k. Now read the local events again. The first read may come back with "Unavailable"
status. The subsequent read of mbm_local_bytes will display the current value.
::

  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_data/mon_L3_00/mbm_local_bytes
  Unavailable
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_data/mon_L3_00/mbm_local_bytes
  2252323
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_data/mon_L3_01/mbm_local_bytes
  Unavailable
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_data/mon_L3_01/mbm_local_bytes
  1566565

l. Users have the option to go back to 'default' mbm_assign_mode if required. This can be
done using the following command. Note that switching the mbm_assign_mode may reset all
the MBM counters (and thus all MBM events) of all the resctrl groups.
::

  # echo "default" > /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_assign_mode
  # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/info/L3_MON/mbm_assign_mode
  mbm_event
  [default]

m. Unmount the resctrl filesystem.
::

  # umount /sys/fs/resctrl/

Intel RDT Errata
================

Intel MBM Counters May Report System Memory Bandwidth Incorrectly
-----------------------------------------------------------------

Errata SKX99 for Skylake server and BDF102 for Broadwell server.

Problem: Intel Memory Bandwidth Monitoring (MBM) counters track metrics
according to the assigned Resource Monitor ID (RMID) for that logical
core. The IA32_QM_CTR register (MSR 0xC8E), used to report these
metrics, may report incorrect system bandwidth for certain RMID values.

Implication: Due to the errata, system memory bandwidth may not match
what is reported.

Workaround: MBM total and local readings are corrected according to the
following correction factor table:

+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|core count	|rmid count	|rmid threshold	|correction factor|
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|1		|8		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|2		|16		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|3		|24		|15		|0.969650	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|4		|32		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|6		|48		|31		|0.969650	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|7		|56		|47		|1.142857	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|8		|64		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|9		|72		|63		|1.185115	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|10		|80		|63		|1.066553	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|11		|88		|79		|1.454545	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|12		|96		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|13		|104		|95		|1.230769	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|14		|112		|95		|1.142857	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|15		|120		|95		|1.066667	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|16		|128		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|17		|136		|127		|1.254863	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|18		|144		|127		|1.185255	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|19		|152		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|20		|160		|127		|1.066667	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|21		|168		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|22		|176		|159		|1.454334	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|23		|184		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|24		|192		|127		|0.969744	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|25		|200		|191		|1.280246	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|26		|208		|191		|1.230921	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|27		|216		|0		|1.000000	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+
|28		|224		|191		|1.143118	  |
+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------+

If rmid > rmid threshold, MBM total and local values should be multiplied
by the correction factor.

See:

1. Erratum SKX99 in Intel Xeon Processor Scalable Family Specification Update:
http://web.archive.org/web/20200716124958/https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/xeon/scalable/xeon-scalable-spec-update.html

2. Erratum BDF102 in Intel Xeon E5-2600 v4 Processor Product Family Specification Update:
http://web.archive.org/web/20191125200531/https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/specification-updates/xeon-e5-v4-spec-update.pdf

3. The errata in Intel Resource Director Technology (Intel RDT) on 2nd Generation Intel Xeon Scalable Processors Reference Manual:
https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/articles/intel-resource-director-technology-rdt-reference-manual.html

for further information.
